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October 4th, 2012 by Paul Barrs

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Get the word out to your subscribers TODAY.

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Email Body ? Yes, you *will* have to be quick.

I just heard that Paul Barrs is offering a limited time free trial offer to his incredible coaching program at Maximum Success University. And when I say incredible, I MEAN incredible!

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Duck-bill dinosaurs had plant-pulverizing teeth more advanced than horses

ScienceDaily (Oct. 4, 2012) ? A team of paleontologists and engineers has found that duck-billed dinosaurs had an amazing capacity to chew tough and abrasive plants with grinding teeth more complex than those of cows, horses, and other well-known modern grazers. Their study, which is published October 4 in the journal Science, is the first to recover material properties from fossilized teeth.

Duck-bill dinosaurs, also known as hadrosaurids, were the dominant plant-eaters in what are now Europe, North America, and Asia during the Late Cretaceous about 85 million years ago. With broad jaws bearing as many as 1,400 teeth, hadrosaurids were previously thought to have chewing surfaces similar to other reptiles, which have teeth composed of just two tissues -- enamel, a hard hypermineralized material, and orthodentine, a soft bonelike tissue. But paleontologists who study the fossilized teeth of these animals in detail suspected that they were not that simple.

"We thought for a long time that there was more going on because you could just look at the surface of the tooth and see advanced topography, which suggests that there are many different tissues present," said Mark Norell, chair of the American Museum of Natural History's Division of Paleontology and an author on the paper.

To investigate the dinosaurs' dental structure and properties in depth, Norell worked with lead author Gregory Erickson, a biology professor at Florida State University, and a team of engineers on a series of novel experiments. Erickson sectioned the fossilized teeth and made microscope slides from them. These revealed that hadrosaurids actually had six different types of dental tissues -- four more than reptiles and two more than expert mammal grinders like horses, cows, and elephants. Using a technique called nanoindentation, in which a diamond-tipped probe is indented and/or drawn across the fossilized teeth to mimic the grinding of abrasive food, the researchers determined the differential hardness and wear rates of the dental tissues.

Erickson, who describes hadrosaurid dinosaurs as "walking pulp mills," said, "We were stunned to find that the mechanical properties of the teeth were preserved after 70 million years of fossilization." He went on to comment that "if you put these teeth back into a living dinosaur they would function perfectly."

In addition to the four dental tissues found in mammals -- enamel, orthodentine, secondary dentine that helps prevent cavities, and coronal cementum that supports the teeth's crests -- the hadrosaurid teeth include giant tubules and a thick mantle dentine. These extra tissues are thought to provide additional prevention against abscesses. Also unlike mammalian teeth, the dental tissue distribution in hadrosaurids greatly varied in each tooth.

Together, these characteristics suggest that hadrosaurids evolved the most advanced grinding capacity known in vertebrate animals, which might have led to their extensive diversification.

"Duck-bills' advanced tissue modification appears to have allowed them to radiate into specialized ecological niches where they ate extremely tough plants like fern, horsetail, and ground cover that were not as easy for dinosaurs with shearing teeth to eat," Norell said. "Their complex dentition could have played a major role in keeping them on the planet for nearly 35 million years."

In addition, the findings provide strong evidence that dental wear properties are preserved in fossil teeth -- an idea that was once questioned and overruled in this study with comparative tests on teeth from modern and fossilized horses and bison. This opens the door for studies on the dental biomechanics of fossils from wide-ranging groups of animals to better understand evolutionary modifications in diets.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by American Museum of Natural History, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. G. M. Erickson, B. A. Krick, M. Hamilton, G. R. Bourne, M. A. Norell, E. Lilleodden, W. G. Sawyer. Complex Dental Structure and Wear Biomechanics in Hadrosaurid Dinosaurs. Science, 2012; 338 (6103): 98 DOI: 10.1126/science.1224495

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/~3/zQ-qT_EXygs/121004141753.htm

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Community college students cut costs - The Collegiate Live

While many students cannot wait to move into their college dorms, those who choose to stay home and go to community college may be more financially sound in the long run.

?If I would have gone to Grand Rapids Community College first, it would have saved me $30,000,? Charlene Robson said.

Charlene Robson is a 23-year-old Michigan State University graduate.? She worked very hard to get her finance degree, but it came at a huge price.? After Robson graduated, she discovered that she had about $80,000 in student loan debt.

?The difficult part is finding a job in my field,? she said. ?It seems to require three years experience, or the entry level jobs do not pay enough to pay off my student loans.?

Until she can find the career she is looking for to pay off the loans, Robson plans to continue working her two jobs, one job as a waitress and another as a bank teller.

GRCC may not be the college most high school graduates dream about going to, but when students crunch the numbers, sometimes it is the best financial choice.? Four out of ten graduated high school students start at a community college, according to the National College Board. Tuition and fees at a community college average less than half of those at public four year college and one- tenth of private four year colleges.

Two year colleges are the largest and fastest growing in higher education.? There are 1,600 community colleges across the United States serving 11 million students.? Not only is community college a great way to save money but some other great advantages are smaller class sizes.? A community college class size on average is 25 to 30 students, whereas the average class size at a big university is 100 to 200.? Community college also gives more time for students to define their major.? Two out of three students change their major at least once during their college career.

Ashley Brower is a 21-year-old undergrad senior at Grand Valley State University, but she was not always at GVSU.? She originally started out at GRCC where she fulfilled her general education requirements.

?GRCC saved me about $10,000 in two years, and I took the same classes I would have had to take at GVSU,? Brower said.

Brower figured out that by the time she graduates, she will have $9,000 in student loans.? After she graduates, Ashley plans to find a career in special education.? Until then, she is a full-time student working as a bartender and waitress.

?In the end, your future workplace is just looking at having a degree, and you can get that whether you go to community college for two years or not,? Robson said.

Source: http://thecollegiatelive.com/ne/2012/community-college-students-cut-costs/

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Britain scraps flawed rail deal in embarrassing U-turn

LONDON (Reuters) - Britain has torn up a deal awarding one of its biggest rail franchises to a private operator, in a humiliating U-turn that raises doubts about the government's handling of the privatised railways.

Ministers froze three more rail franchise competitions on Wednesday after the Department for Transport (DfT) said that "completely unacceptable" flaws had been uncovered in its handling of bids to run the West Coast Main Line, a jewel in the crown of the rail network linking London and Scotland.

The debacle is damaging for the ruling Conservative Party, which began its programme of rail privatisations in the 1990s. The project has been dogged by fatal accidents, financial crises and political infighting.

"The extent of this catastrophe is breathtaking," said industry commentator Christian Wolmar. "The whole rail industry is now apparently put on hold while a review of the process takes place."

Rail operator FirstGroup Plc, the shares of which were down by 19 percent at 1236 GMT, bid 5.5 billion pounds ($8.9 billion) to secure the 13-year franchise in August.

Virgin Trains, a venture between Richard Branson's Virgin Group and Stagecoach, has run the West Coast service since 1997 and offered 4.8 billion pounds to continue doing so.

The company, which said it spent 14 million pounds preparing the bid, mounted a legal challenge after FirstGroup was awarded the contract. Virgin claimed that the winning bid was a "ridiculous" sum that would have bankrupted the company.

The Conservative-led coalition, trailing in the polls and accused by the Labour opposition of "shambolic incompetence", is already under pressure over the stagnant economy, public spending cuts and an unpopular budget this year.

Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin said that his department's mistakes would cost the taxpayer at least 40 million pounds, a relatively small but politically awkward sum at a time of recession and squeezed household budgets.

"I have had to cancel the competition for the running of the West Coast franchise because of deeply regrettable and completely unacceptable mistakes made by my department in the way it managed the process," McLoughlin said.

The government said that evidence of mistakes related to the calculation of risks in the bids was uncovered during preparations for the Virgin legal challenge. Three employees in the transport department were suspended.

McLoughlin's position looks safe, however, having replaced Justine Greening as transport minister only last month in a government reshuffle.

The DfT will no longer award a contract to run the West Coast service when the current contract expires on December 9. Trains will continue to run with the same drivers, staff and timetables while the problems are resolved, the government said.

'SHAMBOLIC INCOMPETENCE'

Most of the rail network was in public hands between 1948 and the mid-1990s, though Britain's passenger rail services are now operated by 16 private train operating companies that have signed legal contracts with the government.

Three active rail franchise competitions have been suspended pending an investigation. Nine more franchises were due to be awarded in the next three years, though the timetable is likely to slip.

"The direct impact clearly falls on FirstGroup, where the shares had priced in the franchise win," said Jefferies analyst Joe Spooner. The franchising delay would also be bad for UK transport groups Go-Ahead and National Express, who are shortlisted in the contests, he added.

The RMT rail union called for an end to the "sorry and expensive shambles" of privatisation, while Labour transport spokeswoman Maria Eagle said: "The West Coast rail franchise fiasco has yet again exposed the shambolic incompetence of this Tory-led government."

FirstGroup said that it learned of the reversal late on Tuesday and had no previous signal that the process was flawed. "We submitted a strong bid, in good faith and in strict accordance with the DfT's terms," the company said.

Branson's Virgin Rail welcomed the decision. "We're ready to play a full part in assisting the review to help deliver a franchising system that better serves passengers, taxpayers and the interests of all bidders," it said.

(Additional reporting by Rosalba O'Brien and Rhys Jones; Editing by David Goodman)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/britain-scraps-9-billion-west-coast-rail-deal-012733097--finance.html

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The Reference Frame: Miracles prove the divine power of string theory

No, I didn't mean Jesus Christ.

Pete Wilton, an Oxford science writer, wrote a piece introducing the new website WhyStringTheory.com:

Pulling the strings (Oxford science blog)

Three creative folks behind the website say various things. Edward Hughes, Cambridge UK student, says that string theory is fundamental, beautiful, and he wanted to communicate the excitement.

Charlotte Mason, Oxford student, says that she has mixed feelings about string theory. The picturesque ideas are beautiful but she describes the maths exactly in the way you would expect from a somewhat randomly chosen girl. No, Charlotte, the true beauty of string theory may only be revealed and understood when all the relevant maths is added. It should be done peacefully and beautifully but the maths is still critical for the beauty.

Finally, Joseph Conlon is the only "senior" person behind the project ? he's at Oxford faculty. And he says some interesting ? although not quite new ? things that I want to spend some time with. It has something to do with the miracles.

Conlon says that strings are too small to be seen directly, so lots of good luck or theoretical or experimental breakthroughs may be needed to see them. He says the usual things about string theory's ability to cure the short-distance problems of quantum field theory by replacing points with strings; unify gravity with other forces and matter; about the correct counting of black hole entropy string theory provides us with, and a few other achievements in which string theory remains (and, most likely, will always remain) unmatched.

However, two of the paragraphs have a kind of a cool religious spin:

Joseph Conlon of Oxford University, another member of the team, explains that part of the theory's appeal lies in 'string miracles', these are 'calculations that look like they are going to fail and show that the theory is inconsistent, but then something comes in and suddenly saves the day. Once you see this happening several times you realise that the theory has a very deep structure and your understanding of it only scratches the surface.'

...

Yet string theory has a habit of turning up surprises, as Joseph says: 'Working on it is also good for humility, you are perennially aware that the theory is smarter than you.'

You might say that these sentence describe string theory by similar words that other people use for God. And in some sense, you would be right. The only difference is that the power of God is supported by personally and verbally communicated superstitions ? sorry, believers ? while the power of string theory boils down to objectively functional calculations that everyone may verify and that reveal a striking degree of internal coherence and compatibility with all known qualitative concepts and phenomena observed in Nature.

String theory is also able to turn water into wine ? well, its nuclear physics approximation is enough for that because you just need to produce some carbon nuclei from the hydrogen and oxygen nuclei, aside from a few trace elements.

More seriously, the mathematical miracles behind string theory are numerous and initially unbelievably surprising. Later, they may be understood as consequences of a smaller number of technical properties of string theory's maths. While those explanations reduce the seemingly "supernatural" character of the miracles, the ultimate "conceptual explanation" always boils down to the existence and consistency of string theory.

So the ultimate miracle ? the very existence of this rich mathematical structure that contains all good ideas and physics but remains fully consistent despite its incredibly richness ? remains a miracle even today. We may spend years by philosophical musings on the reasons why the Universe exists at all; however, it's much more likely that we may discover a shocking and valuable insight if we ask why string theory exists at all.

The partial, individual miracles were parts of string theory's CV from its very birth. In fact, the first characteristically stringy formula ? the Veneziano amplitude (for the tree-level scattering of four open-string tachyon, using the modern terminology) was found by Veneziano by demanding the first miracle, the "world sheet duality" (that's the modern terminology; they would call it just "duality" in the late 1960s, a word that is used somewhat differently today, and that's why string theory was initially known as "dual models"). What was this zeroth miracle of string theory?

Imagine that you collide 2 particles elastically. So there are 4 external legs in the Feynman diagram. You may write down diagrams in which a particle is exchanged in the \(s\)-channel. That will make the amplitude depend on \(s\). However, this intermediate particle may also have derivative interactions with the 4 external particles and in this way, the amplitude may acquire some \(t\)-dependence, too. You may get a rather general function of \(s\) and \(t\).

Then there are also diagrams with the \(t\)-channel exchange in which the role of \(s\) and \(t\) is interchanged. Veneziano boldly demanded that the sum of all \(t\)-channel diagrams is actually the same as the sum of all the \(s\)-channel diagrams. It turned out it was possible even though the "channel" variable enters through denominators and the "derivative interaction" variable enters through numerators. The Euler Beta function that Veneziano finally found in a library had the required property. In fact, you should only count the \(s\)-channel diagrams or only \(t\)-channel diagrams, otherwise you're double-counting the amplitude.

It was a miracle, something that couldn't appear in a quantum field theory with finitely many particle species (or fields). The Euler Beta function was soon derived from the assumption that the particles were actually open strings ? and a closed string counterpart of the Veneziano amplitude, the 4-closed-string-tachyon Virasoro-Shapiro amplitude, was soon found as well. Once you know that the particles are open strings, the Veneziano miracle has a simple geometric interpretation: Both the \(s\)-channel and \(t\)-channel diagrams may be viewed as the particle limits of a string diagram, a disk with four strips coming out of it. The topology is the same for \(s\)-channel and \(t\)-channel diagrams so it's not too surprising that a naturally calculated "full tree amplitude" already contains both \(s\)-channel and \(t\)-channel terms.

You probably don't understand the previous paragraph ? unless you have understood it for years. In that case, I want to say that there is a geometric explanation why certain sums of quantum-field-theory-like diagrams end up being \(s,t\)-symmetric even though such a symmetry looks insane from the quantum-field-theoretical viewpoint.

But much more typical examples of miracles in string theory have something to do with fully canceled anomalies, divergences, or harmful discontinuities. The first superstring revolution started with one of these miracles: Green and Schwarz found the precise cancellation of all the gravitational, mixed, and gauge anomalies in type I string theory in \(d=10\) assuming that the gauge group is \(SO(32)\). You're only allowed to choose one number, \(n=32\) "half-colors" of the quarks carried by the open string endpoints, and the theory manages to cancel five coefficients in front of these anomaly terms even though there are lots of contributions and the numerical constants that contribute are as complicated as \((n-496)/725760\) ? and indeed, the dimension of the \(SO(32)\) group is \(496\). Thank God, or thank string theory, more precisely.

A sixth-order invariant in \(SO(32)\) from a gaugino loop seemed impossible to cancelin general. However, Green and Schwarz found a sub-miracle, the Green-Schwarz mechanism. They noticed that the sixth-order invariant factorizes to the product of a fourth-order and second-order invariants exactly when the group was \(SO(32)\) ? and to cancel the remaining product of these fourth- and second-order terms, they discovered a previously neglected Feynman diagram resulting from unusual gauge transformation laws for fields ? laws you wouldn't expect in low-brow perturbative quantum field theories.

So the Green-Schwarz miracle was five-fold and it had sub-miracles, too. You could think that no sensible scientist would assume this many miracles but you would actually be wrong. As Schwarz has repeatedly recalled, Green and Schwarz have done the tedious calculation because they already lived in the string theory "belief system". String theory was beautiful, they reasoned, so it couldn't possibly had any anomalies. And indeed, a long calculation with miraculous cancellations has shown that the belief was true even though they weren't able to write a crisp mathematical proof of the belief at that time.

Of course, within two years, this miracle was largely demystified, too. For the \(SO(32)\) gauge group, one may show that the "disk" cancels the "projective sphere" ? some simple world sheet diagrams contributing world sheet anomalies of a kind. So the theory is free of world sheet anomalies and it's enough to prove that the resulting spacetime amplitudes will have all the desired physical properties including the spacetime anomaly cancellation, too. The spacetime calculation looks complicated because, in some sense, it's not the easiest or most fundamental one here: the world sheet objects and anomalies are simpler and more profound in those calculations.

I could tell you hundreds of examples of Conlon's general theme that many calculations may proceed for a long time and until the very end, they may keep an infidel physicist who does the calculation worrying that the final answer will be meaningless, ambiguous, inconsistent, bullocks. But right before you're finished, all the sources of problems get canceled against others, usually many others (and new objects that are purely stringy) and string theory's perfect coherence is saved.

For example, string theory implies that the topology of spacetime ? of the extra dimensions, to be concrete ? may continuously change. However, such a change would lead to a discontinuous jump of masses of some string modes, something that isn't allowed, because the intersection numbers of various "cycles" change if the topology gets changed (through a singular Calabi-Yau space whose topology is ambiguous). However, there's a contribution from world sheet instantons that string theory clearly tells you to include as well (it's a part of the Feynman path integral) and with these world sheet instantons, the continuity of the masses is restored.

The possibility to describe string/M-theoretical vacua via Matrix theory, matrix string theory, AdS/CFT correspondence, and the correct black hole behavior, including the thermodynamic properties, much like the very fact that the path integral summing over stringy histories fully reproduces general relativity including the non-linear corrections aren't just slogans. They are totally well-defined calculations and each of them presents numerous examples of Conlon's miracle theme. Tons of things could go wrong and pretty much "any" generic theory containing fields, particles, or other pieces of string theory ? but mixing them in a slightly different way so that it is not "quite" string theory ? would almost inevitably end up with an anomalous, ambiguous, inconsistent, non-unitary, or otherwise pathological result. But string theory always passes without any flaw. You may always take it to the limits. Any limits. It gets connected with some new degrees of freedom, new possible processes, possibly new branches of maths, and the answer always makes sense at the very end.

String theory isn't the first example of a physical theory that has this property. Quantum field theory itself was showing a similar internal strength ? and it wasn't the first framework, either. However, in string theory, these miracles are much more diverse, multi-dimensional (in the figurative sense), and they make the theory resilient under a much wider spectrum of inequivalent tests than any previous framework in physics. It's hard to imagine that this perfectly functional mathematical structure doesn't actually fulfill any functions in the inner workings of our Universe.

As I have said many times, many of the "miracles" have been demystified. They have been reduced to some maths whose statements we can prove and understand even without any "religious" assumptions on string theory. But it's a somewhat analogous situation to mathematicians' ability to prove Fermat's Last Theorem but only for certain exponents. What is really shocking ? and unproved so far, assuming you can't use "religious arguments" in the proof ? is that whatever you do with string theory, whatever new vacua or objects or processes you find by taking the previous ones to the limits or finding new solutions to the exact equations that constrained the old well-known objects, you will always cancel all the candidate inconsistencies. So far it's been the case.

I said that the "universal miracle" ? the omnipresent cancellation of all anomalies and pathologies in all sectors of string theory ? is somewhat analogous to Fermat's Last Theorem (which had to be proved for all exponents simultaneously). But it's probably much deeper and more important than that. And the proof may be much harder or non-existent ? or it may also be much easier, although no one can imagine how such a simple proof of string theory's "universal miracle" could look like.

There are lots of things to write here but this text has already gotten pretty long. I would love to understand "why" string theory really exists and remains well-behaved regardless of the directions (not only on its configuration space) in which we take it. Because string theory's spectrum and parameter spaces and lists of objects etc. change as you move on its moduli space, the proof ? if there's any ? must say something about the continuity and closedness of a highly flexible, chameleon-like mathematical structure. I don't know what the proof is and whether it exists at all. But despite the absence of a complete proof ? despite the fact that we have just hundreds of "anecdotal pieces of evidence" ? I am a clear believer. The coherence of string theory is perfect, is here with us to stay, and implies that curious, sufficiently mathematically talented people will always be intrigued by it and will continue to do research of it.

None of those miracles rigorously proves that string theory is the right physical theory describing this Universe. But I find it implausible that a theory which shows this degree of internal coherence and co-operation between its pieces as well as this degree of qualitative agreement with the features of Nature as we know them ? including the general relativistic and quantum field-theoretical approximations, and beyond ? exists by an accident. It would just sound utterly bizarre. It would be like finding an alien rocket that seems to contain a perfectly streamlined and sophisticated engine that is capable of going through most of the difficult stages of an interstellar flight (while for some of them, we can't verify whether it can do what it needs to do) ? but learning that this alien rocket has never been outside the Earth. Well, the analogy isn't perfect. Someone may produce a fake alien spaceship and impress people who know less than the constructor. But string theory clearly has no constructor. All the new pieces of its engine are "objectively out there". So a better analogy would be that the alien spaceship seems capable of doing all the tasks even to the best constructors on Earth. If we found such a spaceship, it would have to mean it's an alien spaceship, wouldn't it?

Source: http://motls.blogspot.com/2012/10/miracles-prove-divine-power-of-string.html

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State taxpayers pay for SF rugby fields

SANTA FE (KRQE) - More than a decade ago, Santa Fe taxpayers paid over $20 million for the Municipal Recreation Complex.

Now, it is a popular place from spring until fall for area soccer players, baseball players, softball players and golfers.

Just across the road from the MRC are two rugby fields and a nearly 1,300 square foot building that is often closed to the public.

Santa Fe taxpayers are not the only ones who paid over $1 million for the rugby fields and building that hardly anyone uses, New Mexico state taxpayers also did.

Through the New Mexico Legislature, state taxpayers paid $980,000 for the rugby fields and the building, even though it benefits only a handful of people who play a sport.

?To tell you the truth, I didn?t even know we had rugby teams here in Santa Fe,? said state Senator Phil Griego. ?I knew we had a lot of soccer teams.?

Griego has represented the district where the MRC has been located for the last 16 years, but the money for the rugby complex did not come from him.

?I never allocated any money for the rugby fields,? Griego said.

As it turns out, former state Senator Shannon Robinson, who represented a central Albuquerque district for 20 years until he was defeated in 2008, sponsored the bills that set aside $930,000 for the rugby fields and the building.

The allocations spanned an 8-year period from 1999 to 2007.

Former state Senator John Grubesic, who was elected from the Santa Fe area, sponsored a bill that allocated another $50,000 to the project. The city pitched in $45,000 for the project, according to city records.

?That was one of the great accomplishments I had as a legislator was to build those fields,? Robinson told KRQE News 13.

Robinson is a former coach of the University of New Mexico?s rugby club team and the current coach of UNM?s women?s rugby club team.

?I?ve coached rugby in this state for almost 25 years,? Robinson said.

Santa Fe's public works director, Isaac Pino, says more than 2,000 adults and children regularly use the city?s soccer fields at the MRC. Pino also said nearly 750 softball and baseball players regularly use the ball fields at the MRC.

Compare that to the number of rugby teams and players in the city.

?(There are) three rugby teams,? Pino said. ?One youth, one adult and one high school ? (which equals) about 60 people.?

The building, which houses a concession stand, bathrooms and a 400 square foot community room where the rugby team stores its gear, cost more than $660,000 alone. The only people allowed to use it are the members of the Santa Fe Rugby Football Club.

While Pino said the city has started to allow other sports and teams to use the rugby fields, most of the time the road to the fields is barred by a metal gate with a ?closed? sign on it. Also the concession stand is used exclusively by the rugby club only.

When asked if he thought Santa Fe needed dedicated rugby fields, Robinson said rugby has been in Santa Fe for years.

?How long has the rugby club been there?? Robinson said. ?Over 30 years...that?s an important part of that city?s identity.?

Griego, who grew up in the Santa Fe area, says that is knew to him.

?I didn?t even know we had rugby fields in my district,? Griego said.

In fact, Griego said it?s highly unusual for a legislator to allocate nearly $1 million so far outside his district unless it?s for an extraordinary state project like the National Hispanic Cultural Center in Albuquerque.

?Most of the districts where we get capital outlay, that we represent, need every penny,? Griego said ?That money would go to my community centers, to my senior centers, to my roads, to my water projects.?

However, the community centers, senior centers and roads in Robinson?s home district didn?t get the $930,000 he spent in Santa Fe. What they got was a rugby complex 60 miles to their north.

Robinson, who was a Democrat, represented part of Albuquerque?s troubled International District for 20 years, back when it was known as ?The War Zone.?

He was defeated by state Senator Tim Keller in the 2008 Democratic primary, but has changed his party affiliation to Republican and is running again for his old job in next month?s general election.

When asked if his former constituents could have benefited more from the money he spent on rugby in Santa Fe, Robinson said he did.

?I think they benefit a lot from it ?because it?s a state project,? Robinson said. ?It involves youth sports.?

Griego disagreed.

?Unless you play rugby, I don?t know what the benefit would be,? Griego said.
?

Source: http://www.krqe.com/dpp/news/on_assignment/state-taxpayers-pay-for-sf-rugby-fields

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Turkey strikes back at Syria, says will protect borders

AKCAKALE, Turkey (Reuters) - Turkish artillery hit targets inside Syria on Wednesday, killing several Syrian soldiers according to activists, after a mortar bomb fired from Syria killed five Turkish civilians and prompted NATO to call for an immediate end to Syria's "aggressive acts."

In the most serious cross-border escalation of the 18-month uprising in Syria, Turkey hit back at what it called "the last straw" when a mortar hit a residential neighborhood of the southern border town of Akcakale.

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said several Syrian soldiers were killed in the Turkish bombardment of a military post near the Syrian town of Tel Abyad, a few miles across the frontier from Akcakale. It did not say how many soldiers died.

NATO said it stood by member-nation Turkey and urged Syria to put an end to "flagrant violations of international law."

The U.S.-led Western military alliance held an urgent late night meeting in Brussels to discuss the matter and later on Wednesday in New York, Turkey asked the U.N. Security Council to take the "necessary action" to stop Syrian aggression.

In a letter to the president of the 15-nation Security Council, Turkish U.N. Ambassador Ertugrul Apakan called the firing of the mortar bomb "a flagrant violation of international law as well as a breach of international peace and security.

U.N. diplomats said Security Council members hoped it would issue a non-binding statement on Thursday that would condemn the mortar attack "in the strongest terms" and demand an end to violations of Turkey's territorial sovereignty.

Members had hoped to issue the statement on Wednesday, but Russia - a staunch ally of Syria's, which along with China has vetoed three U.N. resolutions condemning President Bashar al-Assad's government - asked for a delay, diplomats said.

It was not clear who had fired the mortar into Turkish territory, but security sources said Turkey was increasing the number of troops along its border.

"Our armed forces in the border region responded immediately to this abominable attack in line with their rules of engagement; targets were struck through artillery fire against places in Syria identified by radar," Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan's office said in a statement.

"Turkey will never leave unanswered such kinds of provocation by the Syrian regime against our national security."

Syria said it was investigating the source of the mortar bomb and urged restraint. Information Minister Omran Zoabi conveyed his condolences to the Turkish people, saying his country respected the sovereignty of neighboring countries.

Turkey's parliament was due to vote on Thursday on extending a five-year-old authorization for its military to carry out cross-border operations, an agreement originally intended to allow strikes on Kurdish militant bases in northern Iraq.

That vote would now be extended to include operations in Syria, a ruling party deputy told Turkish television.

Residents of Akcakale gathered outside the local mayor's office, afraid to return to their homes as the dull thud of distant artillery fire rumbled across the town.

"We haven't been able to sleep in our own homes for 15 days, we had to sleep in our relatives' houses further away from the border because it's not safe down there," said shopkeeper Hadi Celik, 42, a father of five who was among the crowd outside the mayor's office.

Washington sees Turkey as a pivotal player in backing Syria's opposition and planning for the post-Assad era. The White House said on Wednesday it stood by "our Turkish ally." But Ankara has found itself increasingly isolated and frustrated by a lack of international consensus on how to end the conflict.

Erdogan long cultivated good relations with Assad, but became a harsh critic after Syria's popular revolt began last year, accusing him of creating a "terrorist state." Erdogan has allowed Syrian rebels to organize on Turkish soil and pushed for a foreign-protected safe zone inside Syria.

On Monday, Syria's foreign minister accused Turkey, the United States, France, Saudi Arabia and Qatar of arming and funding rebels intent on toppling Assad, a charge Ankara has repeatedly denied.

NEXT STEPS

Syria's bloodshed has crept ever closer to Turkey's border as the uprising against Assad slides into civil war.

"Over the last 20 to 25 days there have been very heavy clashes on the Syrian side. We have felt the effects of these in Akcakale," Turkish Labour Minister Faruk Celik, an MP for the province where Akcakale is located, told parliament.

Residents, infuriated by the increasing spillover of violence from Syria, took to the streets shouting protests against the local authorities after the mortar bomb struck in a residential area, killing two women and three children.

"People here are anxious, because we got hit before," Ahmet Emin Meshurgul, local head of the Turkish Red Crescent, told Reuters. "The security forces tried to convince people to empty the neighborhood near the border, but now we've been hit right in the middle of the town."

U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon had urged Turkey to keep all channels of communication open with Syria. He later issued a statement calling on "the Syria Government to respectfully the territorial integrity of its neighbors as well as to end the violence against the Syrian people."

U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton expressed outrage at the mortar from Syria and said Washington would discuss with Ankara what the next steps should be, calling the spread of violence a "very, very dangerous situation".

Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu said Clinton had assured him of Washington's full support at the United Nations and NATO.

NATO MEETING

Turkey's military response contrasted with its relative restraint when Syria shot down a Turkish reconnaissance jet in June. Ankara increased its military presence along its 900-km (560-mile) border with Syria and called a meeting of NATO's North Atlantic Council.

That meeting was only the second time in NATO's 63-year history that members had convened under Article 4 of its charter which provides for consultations when a member state feels its territorial integrity, political independence or security is under threat.

The same article was invoked for the meeting of NATO ambassadors in Brussels late on Wednesday, after which they said the shelling "constitutes a cause of greatest concern for, and is strongly condemned by, all allies".

"The alliance continues to stand by Turkey and demands the immediate cessation of such aggressive acts against an ally, and urges the Syrian regime to put an end to flagrant violations of international law," a statement released after the meeting added.

It said recent aggressive acts by Syria were a "clear and present danger to the security of one of (NATO's) allies".

Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Bulent Arinc said after the mortar attack: "This latest incident is the last straw. Turkey is a sovereign country. Its own soil has been attacked."

"There must be a response to this under international law," he said, according to Turkey's Cihan news agency.

Some 30,000 people have been killed across Syria, activists say, in a conflict with growing sectarian overtones which threatens to draw in regional Sunni Muslim and Shi'ite powers.

Violence inside Syria intensified on Wednesday with three suicide car bombs and a mortar barrage ripping through a government-controlled district of Aleppo housing a military officers' club, killing 48 people, according to activists.

Efforts to address the conflict at the United Nations have been blocked by a standoff in the Security Council between Western powers seeking a tough stance against Assad and Russia and China, which fear a U.N. resolution against Syria would be the first step towards military intervention.

An Egyptian attempt to bring together Egypt, Turkey, Iran and Saudi Arabia to search for a regional solution to the crisis also appeared to be going nowhere after Saudi Arabia stayed away for a second time from a meeting of the four countries.

(Additional reporting by Seda Sezer and Ece Toksabay in Istanbul, Mert Ozkan, Jonathon Burch and Tulay Karadeniz in Ankara, Dominic Evans, Oliver Holmes and Laila Bassam in Beirut and Lou Charbonneau at the United Nations; Writing by Nick Tattersall, Robin Pomeroy and David Brunnstrom)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/turkey-strikes-back-syria-mortar-kills-five-010028577.html

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Here's why fall/autumn has two names

Ambivalence over the name of the third season of the year reflects its status as a relatively new concept. As natural as it seems today, people haven't always thought of the year in terms of four seasons.

Fifteen hundred years ago, the Anglo-Saxons marked the passage of time with just one season: winter, a concept considered equivalent to hardship or adversity that metaphorically represented the year in its entirety. For example, in the Old English epic poem "Beowulf," the title character rescues a kingdom that had been terrorized by a monster for "12 winters."

According to "Folk Taxonomies in Early English" (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2003) by Earl R. Anderson, the importance of winter in marking the passage of time is evidenced by the constancy of its name over time and across many languages. "Winter" probably derives from a root word meaning "wet" that traces back more than 5,000 years.

Summer is also a time-honored concept, though perhaps never quite as weighty a one as winter, and this is evidenced by greater ambivalence over its name. In Old English, the word "gear" connoted the warmer part of the year. This word gave way to the Germanic "sumer," which is related to the word for "half." Eventually, speakers of Middle English (the language used from the 11th to 15th centuries) conceived of the year in terms of halves: "sumer," the warm half, and "winter," the cold half. This two-season frame of reference dominated Western thinking as late as the 18th century. [ What Causes Earth's Seasons? ]

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Incidentally, Chinese culture also had a two-season framework, but there, the major seasonal polarity was autumn (symbolizing adversity) and spring (symbolizing regeneration), with little importance given to the extremes of summer and winter.

In the West, the transitional seasons, being more trivial, were "not fully lexicalized in the language" until much later, Anderson wrote. Lexicalization is the realization of an idea in a single word.

In 12th- and 13th-century Middle English, spring was called "lent" or "lenten" (but this also meant the religious observance), and fall, when it was considered a season at all, was called "haerfest" (which also meant the act of taking in crops). In the 14th and 15th centuries, "lenten" gave way to a panoply of terms, including "spring," "spryngyng tyme," "ver" (Latin for "green"), "primetemps" (French for "new time"), as well as more complicated descriptive phrases. By the 17th century, "spring" had won out.

In terms of seasons, the period spanning the transition from summer to winter had the weakest credentials of all, and so it got lexicalized last. " Autumn," a Latin word, first appears in English in the late 14th century, and gradually gained on "harvest." In the 17th century, "fall" came into use, almost certainly as a poetic complement to "spring," and it competed with the other terms.

Finally, in the 18th century, "harvest" had lost its seasonal meaning altogether, and "fall" and "autumn" emerged as the two accepted names for the third season. But by the 19th century, "fall" had become an "Americanism": a word primarily used in the United States and one that was frowned upon by British lexicographers.

The persistence of two terms for the third season in the United States, while somewhat of a mystery, may have something to do with the spread of English to the American continent at the very epoch when "fall" began jockeying for position with "autumn": the 17th century. At that time, both terms were adopted stateside, and the younger, more poetic "fall" gained the upper hand. Back in Britain, however, "autumn" won out. The continued acceptance of "autumn" in the United States may reflect the influence, or at least the proximity, of English culture and literature.

According to Slate, British lexicographers begrudgingly admit that the United States got the better end of the stick. In "The King's English" (1908), H.W. Fowler wrote, "Fall is better on the merits than autumn, in every way: it is short, Saxon (like the other three season names), picturesque; it reveals its derivation to every one who uses it, not to the scholar only, like autumn."

Follow Natalie Wolchover on Twitter @ nattyover or Life's Little Mysteries @ llmysteries. We're also on Facebook and Google+.

? 2012 LifesLittleMysteries.com. All rights reserved. More from LifesLittleMysteries.com.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/49261245/ns/technology_and_science-science/

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Apple no longer calls Maps ?the most beautiful, powerful mapping service ever?

23 hrs.

Rosa Golijan

Not only did Apple CEO Tim Cook recently apologize for the Apple Maps app and recommended competitors' mapping solutions as alternatives, but now Apple has changed some language related to Maps?on its website as well.

No longer does the Cupertino-based company declare its new Maps app to be "the most beautiful, powerful mapping service ever."

We have a screenshot to compare the Apple site's current?language to the old language thanks to?9to5 Mac reader Zaheen Hafzer, who?tweeted?it in response to the blog's post on Cook's apology letter to Apple customers.?"Tim [C]ook should consider changing this line," he wrote.

And lo and behold. A change was made.

This is the original text on Apple's website:

Designed by Apple from the ground up, Maps gives you turn-by-turn spoken directions, interactive 3D views, and the stunning Flyover feature. All of which may just make this app the most?beautiful, powerful?mapping?service ever.

This is the new text:

Designed by Apple from the ground up, Maps gives you turn-by-turn spoken directions, interactive 3D views, and the stunning Flyover feature.? All in a beautiful vector-based interface that scales and zooms with ease.

Notice the big difference?

We have reached out to the folks at Apple to see if they have anything to say about this changed language on their website. We will update if we hear anything of interest.

Want more tech news?or interesting?links? You'll get plenty of both if you keep up with Rosa Golijan, the writer of this post, by following her on?Twitter, subscribing to her?Facebook?posts,?or circling her?on?Google+.

Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/technolog/apple-no-longer-calls-maps-most-beautiful-powerful-mapping-service-6200004

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Northern lights shine amid the moonglow

Jonathan Tucker

Jonathan Tucker's Sept. 30 photo captures the aurora's reflection in the Yukon lake below. For more of Tucker's work, check out Tucker's gallery on 500px.com,

By Alan Boyle

The good news is that the northern lights hit the heights this weekend, with auroral displays visible as far south as Illinois?? and the bad news wasn't all that bad. Sure, the glare of the "Harvest Moon" interfered somewhat, but you could argue that the moonlight added some extra shine to the show.

The northern lights are such a subtle phenomenon that they're best seen from the countryside, far from city lights, and that was the case for Jonathan Tucker, who captured the "September Lights" you see above?on Sunday night, near Whitehorse in Canada's Yukon Territory.

"I was sitting at home, and when I looked out my window I noticed the northern lights were out," he told SpaceWeather.com, "so I grabbed my camera and went to a close spot that would be away from city lights. The auroras didn't last long, but I got this shot."

---

Meanwhile, on Michigan's Upper Peninsula,?Lake Superior Photo's Shawn Malone was heading home from work and watching the moon rise when he noticed spikes of greenish light to the south.

"Immediately looked to the north, and the sky was on fire," Malone told SpaceWeather.com. "Light every direction, multiple arcs at the same time overhead and to the south?? had a hard time deciding which way to point the camera!"

Another Upper Michigander, Mark Riutta of Defined Visuals, caught what he called a "mild display of aurora activity" over the Portage Canal in Houghton, Mich.

"I wish it was a little better show, but once the almost full moon got higher in the sky, it seemed to diminish the aurora's intensity," Riutta, whose ?told me in an email.

Shawn Malone / LakeSuperiorPhoto.com

The sky is aglow during an auroral display over Michigan's Central Upper Peninsula. For more photos from Shawn Malone, check out LakeSuperiorPhoto.com.

Not to worry, Mark: What you saw was a sight that would make folks like me green with envy. Generally speaking, the best time to see an aurora would be around midnight, from a dark location with clear skies. The higher your latitude, the better. But timing is everything: It does no good to go out to an aurora-viewing spot if there's no aurora. You have to get out and look north (or look south, if you're in Australia, New Zealand or Antarctica) when geomagnetic activity is high?? as it was on Sunday night.

Even if you missed Sunday's show, there are more auroral extravaganzas to come, thanks in part to the current upswing in the 11-year solar activity cycle. Keep a watch on the Space Weather Prediction Center's website and Facebook page?? and for the current word on space weather, as well as pictures from past auroral displays, you can't do any better than SpaceWeather.com.?

More about the aurora season:

---

Alan Boyle is NBCNews.com's science editor. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the log's Facebook page, following?@b0yle on Twitter?and adding the?Cosmic Log page?to your Google+ presence. To keep up with Cosmic Log as well as NBCNews.com's other stories about science and space, sign up for the Tech & Science newsletter, sent via email every weekday. You can also check out?"The Case for Pluto,"?my book about the dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.

Source: http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/01/14173120-northern-lights-shine-amid-moonglow?lite

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Pokemon: A Brand New Story

After spendinging extra years in the Pokemon Academy it is finally time to embark on your own journey.

Owner:

Game Masters:

This topic is an Out Of Character part of the roleplay, ?Pokemon: A Brand New Story?. Anything posted here will also show up there.

Topic Tags:

Forum for completely Out of Character (OOC) discussion, based around whatever is happening In Character (IC). Discuss plans, storylines, and events; Recruit for your roleplaying game, or find a GM for your playergroup.
This is the auto-generated OOC topic for the roleplay "Pokemon: A Brand New Story"

You may edit this first post as you see fit.

A man had sons who were always fighting. He one day told them to get a bundle of sticks. Then, he placed the bundle into the hands of each of them and told them to break it and they were unable to do it. He then opened the bundle, took the sticks separately and again put them into his sons' hands, and they broke them easily. He said: if you are of one mind, and unite to assist each other you will be uninjured by all the attempts of your enemies but if you are divided you will be broken as easily as sticks.

Firebird18

Member for 0 years

---

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Fancy running into you here, Fiery! *waves* Got a spot for a set of twins?

If it is what you wish,
I shall willingly let you leash me
with a lace, a rope, or a chain,
as though I'm an obedient dog.

Or, acting like a kitty,
I shall affectionately
please you and make you happy
with my fingers, feet, and lips.
~Iroha Uta~

Child of the Winged

Member for 0 years

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Hello Hello may I reserve a spot if possible

ceh12

Member for 0 years

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CotW! How have you been my friend?! I haven't been on here in the longest time and when I logged on I didn't know if anyone qould respond to the other RP so I just decided start from scratch! :p And in response to your question yes I do!

@ceh12, I'm not reserving any spots as of yet. I hope to have this RP up and running before Friday so as long as you send something in and it fits all the requirements, you are in.

Firebird18

Member for 0 years

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Wait... Do I still have to send something in, battle wise? You've seen me in action before! *poses*

Child of the Winged

Member for 0 years

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@CotW- I would love to say its fine, but it's the Gm's call... oh wait :p haha you're good, dont worry.

*BTW TO ANYONE LOOKING FOR WHAT THEIR CHARACTER SHEET SHOULD LOOK LIKE*

I will put my own up shortly. Just give me some time.

Firebird18

Member for 0 years

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Serafino..... character or actual RPer?

Firebird18

Member for 0 years

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Post a reply

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Marine animals could hold the key to looking young

Public release date: 1-Oct-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Bridget Dempsey
b.dempsey@qmul.ac.uk
44-020-788-27927
Queen Mary, University of London

Sea urchins and sea cucumbers can change elasticity in collagen

Sea cucumbers and sea urchins are able to change the elasticity of collagen within their bodies, and could hold the key to maintaining a youthful appearance, according to scientists at Queen Mary, University of London.

The researchers investigated the genes of marine creatures such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers, known as echinoderms. They found the genes for "messenger molecules" known as peptides, which are released by cells and tell other cells in their bodies what to do.

The study was published online in the journals PLOS One and General and Comparative Endocrinology.

Project leader Professor Maurice Elphick, from Queen Mary's School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, said: "Probably the most exciting discovery from our research was finding genes encoding peptides that cause rapid stiffening or softening of collagen in the body wall of sea cucumbers.

"Although sea urchins and sea cucumbers may not look much like us, we are actually quite closely related to them. As we get older, changes in collagen cause wrinkling of our skin, so if we can find out how peptides cause the body wall of a sea cucumber to quickly become stiff or soft then our research might lead to new ways to keeping skin looking young and healthy."

The scientists analysed the DNA sequences of thousands of genes in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and the edible sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus and specifically searched for genes encoding peptide messenger molecules. Rapid advances in technology used to sequence genes made the research possible.

"When the human genome was sequenced over a decade ago it cost millions of pounds now all of the genes in an animal can be sequenced for just a few thousand pounds," Professor Elphick said.

"We also found that sea urchins have a peptide that is very similar to calcitonin, a hormone that regulates our bones to make sure that they remain strong," Professor Elphick said.

"So it will be fascinating to find out if calcitonin-type peptides have a similar sort of role in spiny-skinned creatures like sea urchins."

"These types of advances in basic science are fascinating in their own right but they are also important because they underpin the medical breakthroughs that lead to improvement in the quality of people's lives."

###

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?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 1-Oct-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Bridget Dempsey
b.dempsey@qmul.ac.uk
44-020-788-27927
Queen Mary, University of London

Sea urchins and sea cucumbers can change elasticity in collagen

Sea cucumbers and sea urchins are able to change the elasticity of collagen within their bodies, and could hold the key to maintaining a youthful appearance, according to scientists at Queen Mary, University of London.

The researchers investigated the genes of marine creatures such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers, known as echinoderms. They found the genes for "messenger molecules" known as peptides, which are released by cells and tell other cells in their bodies what to do.

The study was published online in the journals PLOS One and General and Comparative Endocrinology.

Project leader Professor Maurice Elphick, from Queen Mary's School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, said: "Probably the most exciting discovery from our research was finding genes encoding peptides that cause rapid stiffening or softening of collagen in the body wall of sea cucumbers.

"Although sea urchins and sea cucumbers may not look much like us, we are actually quite closely related to them. As we get older, changes in collagen cause wrinkling of our skin, so if we can find out how peptides cause the body wall of a sea cucumber to quickly become stiff or soft then our research might lead to new ways to keeping skin looking young and healthy."

The scientists analysed the DNA sequences of thousands of genes in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and the edible sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus and specifically searched for genes encoding peptide messenger molecules. Rapid advances in technology used to sequence genes made the research possible.

"When the human genome was sequenced over a decade ago it cost millions of pounds now all of the genes in an animal can be sequenced for just a few thousand pounds," Professor Elphick said.

"We also found that sea urchins have a peptide that is very similar to calcitonin, a hormone that regulates our bones to make sure that they remain strong," Professor Elphick said.

"So it will be fascinating to find out if calcitonin-type peptides have a similar sort of role in spiny-skinned creatures like sea urchins."

"These types of advances in basic science are fascinating in their own right but they are also important because they underpin the medical breakthroughs that lead to improvement in the quality of people's lives."

###

---

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?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-10/qmuo-mac100112.php

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